ret2price

Convert returns to prices

Syntax

[Prices,ticks] = ret2price(Returns)

PriceTbl = ret2price(ReturnTbl)

[___] = ret2price(___,Name=Value)

Description

[Prices,ticks] = ret2price(Returns) returns the matrix of numVars price series Prices, and corresponding observation times ticks, computed from a matrix of continuously compounded return series Returns.

PriceTbl = ret2price(ReturnTbl) returns the table or timetable of price series PriceTbl computed from converting each variable in the table or timetable of continuously compounded return series ReturnTbl. To select different variables in Tbl from which to compute prices, use the DataVariables name-value argument.

[___] = ret2price(___,Name=Value) specifies options using one or more name-value arguments in addition to any of the input argument combinations in previous syntaxes. ret2price returns the output argument combination for the corresponding input arguments. For example, ret2price(Tbl,Method="periodic",DataVariables=1:5) computes prices from the simple periodic returns in the first five variables in the input table Tbl.

Examples

Compute Price Series from Return Series in Vector of Data

Load the Schwert Stock data set Data_SchwertStock.mat, which contains monthly returns of the NYSE index from 1871 through 2008 DataTableMth.Return, among other variables (enter Description for more details).

load Data_SchwertStock
returns = DataTableMth.Return;
numObs = numel(returns)

numObs = 1656

dates = datetime(datesMth,ConvertFrom="datenum");

Set missing (NaN) returns to 0.

returns(isnan(returns)) = 0;

Convert the monthly NYSE returns to prices.

prices = ret2price(returns);

prices is a 1657-by-1 vector of monthly NYSE prices from the continuously compounded returns. ret2price sets the starting price to 1 by default; specify the StartPrice name-value argument to set an appropriate starting price.

r10 = returns(9)

r10 = 0.0114

p9_10 = [prices(9) prices(10)]

p9_10 = 1×2

    1.1274    1.1403

returns(10) = 0.0114 is the monthly return of the prices in the interval [1.1274, 1.1403].

plot(dates,DataTableMth.Return)
ylabel("Return")
yyaxis right
plot([dates(1) - month(1); dates],prices)
ylabel("Price")
title("NYSE Index Prices and Returns")

Compute Price Series from Table of Return Series

Compute price series from return series, which are variables in a table. This example also shows how to convert prices in a timetable.

Load and Preprocess Data

Load the Schwert Stock data set Data_SchwertStock.mat, which contains monthly returns of several series in the table DataTableMth. Replace all missing values (NaN) with 0.

load Data_SchwertStock
DTM = fillmissing(DataTableMth,"constant",0);

Convert Returns in Table to Prices

Convert all return series in the table to prices.

PriceTbl = ret2price(DTM);
tail(PriceTbl)

    Tick    Interval    Return    DivYld    CapGain    CapGainA
    ____    ________    ______    ______    _______    ________

    1649       1        46004      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1650       1        42215      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1651       1        41801      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1652       1        42313      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1653       1        38592      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1654       1        32615      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1655       1        30263      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 
    1656       1        30501      16.9     5.3445      5.4712 

Because DTM is a table, PriceTbl is a table. PriceTbl contains the price series computed from the continuously compounded returns (variable names match the input variable names), observation times Tick, and time intervals Interval.

You can choose a subset of variables to convert to prices by using the DataVariables name-value argument.

Convert Returns in Timetable to Prices

Convert the table DTM to a timetable.

dates = datetime(datesMth,ConvertFrom="datenum");
TT = table2timetable(DTM,RowTimes=dates);
TT.Dates = [];

When the input series is a timetable, ret2price requires a starting time, which is specified by the StartTime name-value argument.

Convert only the NYSE and capital gain returns to prices, and specify the following options:

• The starting time is exactly one month before the first observed return.

• The starting prices of the NYSE and capital gains returns are 100 and 10, respectively.

• The returns are periodic.

startTime = TT.Time(1) - month(1);
varnames = ["Return" "CapGain"];
startPrice = [100 10];
PriceTT = ret2price(TT,DataVariables=varnames,Method="periodic", ...
    StartTime=startTime,StartPrice=startPrice);
head(PriceTT)

       Time        Interval    Return    CapGain
    ___________    ________    ______    _______

    31-Dec-1870      NaN          100        10 
    01-Jan-1871        1       101.24    10.023 
    01-Feb-1871       31       164.61    14.374 
    01-Mar-1871       28       301.26    24.381 
    01-Apr-1871       31       619.29     46.79 
    01-May-1871       30       1148.5    79.862 
    01-Jun-1871       31       599.29    60.866 
    01-Jul-1871       30       443.99    27.923 

Because TT is a timetable, PriceTT is a timetable. PriceTT contains only those requested price series. Because the input data is time aware, the time-related variables in PriceTT contain more information about the observation times than returned when the input data is a matrix or table. For example, rather than tick times, the output timetable contains observation dates for the prices and the interval is in days.

Specify Observation Intervals and Units

Create two stock price series from continuously compounded returns that have the following characteristics:

• Series 1 grows at a 10 percent rate at each observation time.

• Series 2 changes at a random uniform rate in the interval [-0.1, 0.1] at each observation time.

• Each series starts at price 100 and is 10 observations in length.

rng(1); % For reproducibility
numObs = 10;
p1 = 100;
r1 = 0.10;
r2 = [0; unifrnd(-0.10,0.10,numObs - 1,1)];

s1 = 100*exp(r1*(0:(numObs - 1))');
cr2 = cumsum(r2);
s2 = 100*exp(cr2);
S = [s1 s2];

Convert each price series to a return series, and return the observation intervals.

[R,intervals] = price2ret(S);

Prepend the return series so that the input and output elements are of the same length and correspond.

[[NaN; intervals] S [[NaN NaN]; R] r2]

ans = 10×6

       NaN  100.0000  100.0000       NaN       NaN         0
    1.0000  110.5171   98.3541    0.1000   -0.0166   -0.0166
    1.0000  122.1403  102.7850    0.1000    0.0441    0.0441
    1.0000  134.9859   93.0058    0.1000   -0.1000   -0.1000
    1.0000  149.1825   89.4007    0.1000   -0.0395   -0.0395
    1.0000  164.8721   83.3026    0.1000   -0.0706   -0.0706
    1.0000  182.2119   76.7803    0.1000   -0.0815   -0.0815
    1.0000  201.3753   72.1105    0.1000   -0.0627   -0.0627
    1.0000  222.5541   69.9172    0.1000   -0.0309   -0.0309
    1.0000  245.9603   68.4885    0.1000   -0.0206   -0.0206

price2ret returns rates matching the rates from the simulated series. price2ret assumes prices are recorded in a regular time base, therefore all durations between prices are 1.

Convert the prices to returns again, but associate the prices with years starting from August 1, 2010.

tau1 = datetime(2010,08,01);
dates = tau1 + years((0:(numObs-1))');
[Ry,intervalsy] = price2ret(S,Ticks=dates);
[[NaN; intervalsy] S [[NaN NaN]; Ry] r2]

ans = 10×6

       NaN  100.0000  100.0000       NaN       NaN         0
  365.2425  110.5171   98.3541    0.0003   -0.0000   -0.0166
  365.2425  122.1403  102.7850    0.0003    0.0001    0.0441
  365.2425  134.9859   93.0058    0.0003   -0.0003   -0.1000
  365.2425  149.1825   89.4007    0.0003   -0.0001   -0.0395
  365.2425  164.8721   83.3026    0.0003   -0.0002   -0.0706
  365.2425  182.2119   76.7803    0.0003   -0.0002   -0.0815
  365.2425  201.3753   72.1105    0.0003   -0.0002   -0.0627
  365.2425  222.5541   69.9172    0.0003   -0.0001   -0.0309
  365.2425  245.9603   68.4885    0.0003   -0.0001   -0.0206

price2ret assumes time units are days. Therefore, all durations are approximately 365 and the returns are normalized for that time unit.

Compute returns again, but specify that the observation times are years.

[Ryy,intervalsyy] = price2ret(S,Ticks=dates,Units="years");
[[NaN; intervalsyy] S [[NaN NaN]; Ryy] r2]

ans = 10×6

       NaN  100.0000  100.0000       NaN       NaN         0
    1.0000  110.5171   98.3541    0.1000   -0.0166   -0.0166
    1.0000  122.1403  102.7850    0.1000    0.0441    0.0441
    1.0000  134.9859   93.0058    0.1000   -0.1000   -0.1000
    1.0000  149.1825   89.4007    0.1000   -0.0395   -0.0395
    1.0000  164.8721   83.3026    0.1000   -0.0706   -0.0706
    1.0000  182.2119   76.7803    0.1000   -0.0815   -0.0815
    1.0000  201.3753   72.1105    0.1000   -0.0627   -0.0627
    1.0000  222.5541   69.9172    0.1000   -0.0309   -0.0309
    1.0000  245.9603   68.4885    0.1000   -0.0206   -0.0206

price2ret normalizes the returns relative to years, and now the returned rates match the simulated rates.

Complete the roundtrip by converting all returns series back to prices. Specify the returned observation intervals and the starting prices p1.

[P,ticks] = ret2price(R,Intervals=intervals,StartPrice=p1);
[Py,ticksy] = ret2price(Ry,Intervals=intervalsy,StartPrice=p1);
[Pyy,ticksyy] = ret2price(Ryy,Intervals=intervalsyy,StartPrice=p1,Units="years");

[ticks ticksy ticksyy]

ans = 10×3
103 ×

         0         0         0
    0.0010    0.3652    0.0010
    0.0020    0.7305    0.0020
    0.0030    1.0957    0.0030
    0.0040    1.4610    0.0040
    0.0050    1.8262    0.0050
    0.0060    2.1915    0.0060
    0.0070    2.5567    0.0070
    0.0080    2.9219    0.0080
    0.0090    3.2872    0.0090

[S P Py Pyy]

ans = 10×8

  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000  100.0000
  110.5171   98.3541  110.5171   98.3541  110.5171   98.3541  110.5171   98.3541
  122.1403  102.7850  122.1403  102.7850  122.1403  102.7850  122.1403  102.7850
  134.9859   93.0058  134.9859   93.0058  134.9859   93.0058  134.9859   93.0058
  149.1825   89.4007  149.1825   89.4007  149.1825   89.4007  149.1825   89.4007
  164.8721   83.3026  164.8721   83.3026  164.8721   83.3026  164.8721   83.3026
  182.2119   76.7803  182.2119   76.7803  182.2119   76.7803  182.2119   76.7803
  201.3753   72.1105  201.3753   72.1105  201.3753   72.1105  201.3753   72.1105
  222.5541   69.9172  222.5541   69.9172  222.5541   69.9172  222.5541   69.9172
  245.9603   68.4885  245.9603   68.4885  245.9603   68.4885  245.9603   68.4885

Input Arguments

Returns — Time series of returns

numeric matrix

Time series of returns, specified as a numObs-by-numVars numeric matrix. Each row of Returns corresponds to a sampling time specified by the optional Ticks name-value argument. Each column of Returns corresponds to an individual return series.

Data Types: double

ReturnTbl — Time series of returns

table | timetable

Time series of returns, specified as a table or timetable with numObs rows. Each row of Tbl is a sampling time. For a table, the optional Ticks name-value argument specifies sampling times. For a timetable, ReturnTbl.Time specifies sampling times and it must be a datetime vector.

Specify numVars variables, from which to compute prices, by using the DataVariables argument. The selected variables must be numeric.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: ret2price(Tbl,Method="periodic",DataVariables=1:5) computes prices from the simple periodic returns in the first five variables in the input table Tbl.

StartPrices — Start prices for each series

1 (default) | nonnegative scalar | nonnegative vector

Start prices to use for each series, specified as a nonnegative scalar or vector.

For a scalar, all series have the start price StartPrices.

For a vector, StartPrices(j) is the start price for series j in the input data.

Data Types: double

StartTime — Start time for start prices

numeric scalar | datetime scalar

Start time for start prices, specified as a numeric or datetime scalar that ret2price applies to all price series.

The default is 0 when the input data is a matrix or table.

StartTime is required when the input data ReturnTbl is a timetable.

Data Types: double | datetime

Intervals — Time intervals

positive scalar | positive vector | duration vector

Time intervals corresponding to the returns, specified as a positive scalar, or a length numObs positive or duration vector. ret2price applies scalar Intervals to all input series.

When the input return series are in a matrix or table, the default is 1.

When the input return series are in a timetable, ret2price computes time intervals from the start time StartTime and the row times in ReturnTbl.Time, and ignores Intervals. ReturnTbl.Time must be a datetime vector.

Example: Intervals=years(ones(100,1)) specifies 100 1-year durations for the input return series.

Data Types: double | duration

Units — Time units

"days" (default) | "milliseconds" | "seconds" | "minutes" | "hours" | "years" | character vector

Time units to use when time intervals Intervals are durations, specified as a value in this table.

Value	Description
"milliseconds"	Milliseconds
"seconds"	Seconds
"minutes"	Minutes
"hours"	Hours
"days"	Days
"years"	Years

ret2price requires time units to convert duration intervals to numeric values for denormalizing returns.

When the value of the Intervals name-value argument is a numeric vector, ret2price ignores the value of Units.

Example: Units="years"

Data Types: char | string

Method — Compounding method

"continuous" (default) | "periodic" | character vector

Compounding method, specified as a value in this table.

Value	Description
"continuous"	Compute prices from continuously compounded returns
"periodic"	Compute prices from simple periodic returns

Example: Method="periodic"

Data Types: char | string

DataVariables — Variables in ReturnTbl

all variables (default) | string vector | cell vector of character vectors | vector of integers | logical vector

Variables in ReturnTbl, from which ret2price computes prices, specified as a string vector or cell vector of character vectors containing variable names in ReturnTbl.Properties.VariableNames, or an integer or logical vector representing the indices of names. The selected variables must be numeric.

Example: DataVariables=["GDP" "CPI"]

Example: DataVariables=[true true false false] or DataVariables=[1 2] selects the first and second table variables.

Data Types: double | logical | char | cell | string

Output Arguments

Prices — Price series

numeric matrix

Price series, returned as a (numObs + 1)-by-numVars numeric matrix. ret2price returns Prices when you supply the input Returns.

Returns in row i r_i are associated with price interval [p_i,p_i+1], i = 1:numObs, according to the compounding method Method and using the start price p(1):

• When Method is "periodic",

  $$r_i=\frac{\left(p_{i+1}/p_i\right)-1}{{\tau }_{i+1}-{\tau }_i}.$$

• When Method is "continuous",

  $$r_i=\frac{\log \left(p_{i+1}/p_i\right)}{{\tau }_{i+1}-{\tau }_i}.$$

When time intervals (see Intervals) are durations, the magnitude of the normalizing interval τ_i+1 – τ_i depends on the specified time units (see Units).

ticks — Observation times τ

numeric vector

Observation times τ of the Price series, returned as a length numObs + 1 numeric vector, beginning with the value of the StartTime name-value argument. ret2price returns ticks when you supply the input Returns.

PriceTbl — Price series and observation times

table | timetable

Price series and observation times, returned as a table or timetable, the same data type as ReturnTbl, with numObs + 1 rows. ret2price returns PriceTbl when you supply the input ReturnTbl.

PriceTbl contains the outputs Prices and ticks.

PriceTbl associates observation time τ_i+1 with the end of the interval for the returns in row i r_i.

Algorithms

Consider the following variables:

• p is a price series (Prices), with p₁ as the starting price (StartPrice).

• r is the corresponding return series (Returns).

• τ is a vector of the observation times (Ticks), with τ₁ as the starting time (StartTime).

• δ is the series of lengths between observation times (Intervals).

The following figure shows how the inputs and outputs are associated.

Version History

Introduced before R2006a

R2022a: ret2price supports name-value argument syntax for all optional inputs

ret2price accepts start prices startPrice, return intervals retIntervals, start times startTime, and compounding method method as the name-value arguments StartTime, Intervals, StartTime, and Method, respectively. However, the function will continue to accept the previous syntax.

The syntax before R2022a is

ret2price(Returns,startPrice,retIntervals,startTime,method)

The recommended syntax for R2022a and later releases is

ret2price(Returns,StartPrice=startPrice,Intervals=retIntervals, ...
    StartTime=startTime,Method=method)

As with any set of name-value arguments, you can specify them in any order.