simByEuler

Simulate RVM, roughbergomi, or roughheston sample paths by Euler approximation

Since R2023b

Syntax

[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(MDL,NPeriods)

[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(___,Name=Value)

Description

[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(MDL,NPeriods) simulates NTrials sample paths of NVars correlated state variables driven by NBrowns Brownian motion sources of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods. simByEuler uses a rvm, roughbergomi, or roughheston object to simulate a rough volatility model with a Brownian semistationary process (BSS) without drift.

[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(___,Name=Value) specifies options using one or more name-value arguments in addition to the input arguments in the previous syntax.

You can perform quasi-Monte Carlo simulations using the name-value arguments for MonteCarloMethod, QuasiSequence, and BrownianMotionMethod. For more information, see Quasi-Monte Carlo Simulation.

Examples

Simulate Rough Volatility Model Sample Paths by Euler Approximation

The rough volatility model (RVM) in a rvm object is a bivariate composite model, composed of two coupled and dissimilar univariate models, each driven by a single Brownian motion source of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods, approximating continuous-time rough stochastic volatility processes.

Create an rvm object.

Return = 0.03;
Volatility = 0.2;
Alpha = 0.03;
Beta = 0.015;

            
rvmObj = rvm(Return,Volatility,Alpha,Beta,KernelType="gamma")

rvmObj = 
   Class RVM: Rough Stochastic Volatility
   ----------------------------------------
     Dimensions: State = 2, Brownian = 2
   ----------------------------------------
      StartTime: 0
     StartState: 1 (2x1 double array) 
    Correlation: 2x2 diagonal double array 
         Return: 0.03
     Volatility: 0.2
         Kernel: gamma
          Alpha: 0.03
           Beta: 0.015

Use simByEuler to simulate NTrials sample paths of NVars correlated state variables driven by NBrowns Brownian motion sources of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods. The function simByEuler approximates a continuous-time stochastic process by the Euler approach.

NPeriods = 2;
[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(rvmObj,NPeriods)

Paths = 3×2

    1.0000    1.0000
    1.0700    1.4352
    0.0154    1.7045

Times = 3×1

     0
     1
     2

Z = 2×2

    0.5377    1.8339
   -2.2588    0.8622

Paths is a 3-by-2 matrix and the output Z is a matrix used to generate the Brownian motion vector.

Simulate Rough Bergomi Model Sample Paths by Euler Approximation

The rough Bergomi model is a roughbergomi object that is a bivariate composite model, composed of two coupled and dissimilar univariate models, each driven by a single Brownian motion source of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods, approximating continuous-time rough stochastic volatility processes.

Create an roughbergomi object.

Return = 0.03;
Alpha = -0.03;
Xi = 0.2;
Eta = 0.015;

roughbergomiObj = roughbergomi(Return,Alpha,Xi,Eta)

roughbergomiObj = 
   Class ROUGHBERGOMI: Rough Bergomi
   ----------------------------------------
     Dimensions: State = 2, Brownian = 2
   ----------------------------------------
      StartTime: 0
     StartState: 1 (2x1 double array) 
    Correlation: 2x2 diagonal double array 
         Return: 0.03
          Alpha: -0.03
             Xi: 0.2
            Eta: 0.015

Use simByEuler to simulate NTrials sample paths of NVars correlated state variables driven by NBrowns Brownian motion sources of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods. The function simByEuler approximates a continuous-time stochastic process by the Euler approach.

NPeriods = 2;
[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(roughbergomiObj,NPeriods)

Paths = 3×2

    1.0000    0.2000
    1.1858    0.2054
    0.3962    0.2078

Times = 3×1

     0
     1
     2

Z = 2×2

    0.5377    1.8339
   -2.2588    0.8622

Paths is a 3-by-2 matrix and the output Z is a matrix used to generate the Brownian motion vector.

Simulate Rough Heston Model Sample Paths by Euler Approximation

The rough Heston model is a roughheston object that is a bivariate composite models, composed of two coupled and dissimilar univariate models, each driven by a single Brownian motion source of risk over NPERIODS consecutive observation periods, approximating continuous-time rough Heston stochastic volatility processes..

Create an roughheston object.

Return = 0.1;
Speed = 0.2;
Level = 0.1;
Volatility = 0.05;
Alpha = -0.03;

roughhestonObj = roughheston(Return,Speed,Level,Volatility,Alpha)

roughhestonObj = 
   Class ROUGHHESTON: Rough Heston Stochastic Volatility
   -----------------------------------------------------
     Dimensions: State = 2, Brownian = 2
   -----------------------------------------------------
      StartTime: 0
     StartState: 1 (2x1 double array) 
    Correlation: 2x2 diagonal double array 
         Return: 0.1
          Speed: 0.2
          Level: 0.1
     Volatility: 0.05
          Alpha: -0.03

Use simByEuler to simulate NTrials sample paths of NVars correlated state variables driven by NBrowns Brownian motion sources of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods. The function simByEuler approximates a continuous-time stochastic process by the Euler approach.

NPeriods = 2;
[Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(roughhestonObj,NPeriods)

Paths = 3×2

    1.0000    1.0000
    1.1476    0.8234
    0.1082    0.5568

Times = 3×1

     0
     1
     2

Z = 2×2

    0.5377    1.8339
   -2.2588    0.8622

Paths is a 3-by-2 matrix and the output Z is a matrix used to generate the Brownian motion vector.

Input Arguments

MDL — Stochastic differential equation model for RVM, roughbergomi, or roughheston

object

Stochastic differential equation model, specified as an rvm, roughbergomi, or roughheston object.

Data Types: object

NPeriods — Number of simulation periods

positive scalar integer

Number of simulation periods, specified as a positive scalar integer. The value of NPeriods determines the number of rows of the simulated output series.

Data Types: double

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Example: [Paths,Times,Z] = simByEuler(rvm,NPeriods,DeltaTime=dt)

NTrials — Simulated trials (sample paths) of NPeriods observations each

1 (single path of correlated state variables) (default) | positive scalar integer

Simulated trials (sample paths) of NPeriods observations each, specified as a positive scalar integer.

Data Types: double

DeltaTime — Positive time increments between observations

1 (default) | positive scalar numeric

Positive time increments between observations, specified as a positive scalar numeric.

DeltaTime represents the dt found in stochastic differential equations, and determines the times at which the simulated paths of the output state variables are reported.

Data Types: double

NSteps — Number of intermediate time steps within each time increment dt (specified as DeltaTime)

1 (indicating no intermediate evaluation) (default) | positive scalar integer

Number of intermediate time steps within each time increment dt (specified as DeltaTime), specified as a positive scalar integer.

The simByEuler function partitions each time increment dt into NSteps subintervals of length dt/NSteps, and refines the simulation by evaluating the simulated state vector at NSteps − 1 intermediate points. Although simByEuler does not report the output state vector at these intermediate points, the refinement improves accuracy by allowing the simulation to more closely approximate the underlying continuous-time process.

Data Types: double

Antithetic — Flag to indicate whether simByEuler uses antithetic sampling to generate Gaussian random variates

False (no antithetic sampling) (default) | logical with values True or False

Flag that indicates whether simByEuler uses Antithetic Sampling to generate the Gaussian random variates that drive the Brownian motion vector (Wiener processes). This argument is specified as a scalar logical flag with a value of True or False.

When you specify True, simByEuler performs sampling such that all primary and antithetic paths are simulated and stored in successive matching pairs:

• Odd trials (1,3,5,...) correspond to the primary Gaussian paths.

• Even trials (2,4,6,...) are the matching antithetic paths of each pair derived by negating the Gaussian draws of the corresponding primary (odd) trial.

Note

If you specify an input noise process (see Z), simByEuler ignores the value of Antithetic.

Data Types: logical

MonteCarloMethod — Monte Carlo method to simulate stochastic processes

"standard" (default) | string with values "standard", "quasi", or "randomized-quasi" | character vector with values 'standard', 'quasi', or 'randomized-quasi'

Monte Carlo method to simulate stochastic processes, specified as a string or character vector with one of the following values:

• "standard" — Monte Carlo using pseudo random numbers

• "quasi" — Quasi-Monte Carlo using low-discrepancy sequences

• "randomized-quasi" — Randomized quasi-Monte Carlo

Note

If you specify an input noise process (see Z), simByEuler ignores the value of MonteCarloMethod.

Data Types: string | char

QuasiSequence — Low discrepancy sequence to drive stochastic processes

"sobol" (default) | string with value "sobol" | character vector with value 'sobol'

Low discrepancy sequence to drive the stochastic processes, specified as a string or character vector with the following value:

• "sobol" — Quasi-random low-discrepancy sequences that use a base of two to form successively finer uniform partitions of the unit interval and then reorder the coordinates in each dimension.

Note

If MonteCarloMethod option is not specified or specified as"standard", QuasiSequence is ignored.

Data Types: string | char

BrownianMotionMethod — Brownian motion construction method

"standard" (default) | string with value "brownian-bridge" or "principal-components" | character vector with value 'brownian-bridge' or 'principal-components'

Brownian motion construction method, specified as a string or character vector with one of the following values:

• "standard" — The Brownian motion path is found by taking the cumulative sum of the Gaussian variates.

• "brownian-bridge" — The last step of the Brownian motion path is calculated first, followed by any order between steps until all steps have been determined.

• "principal-components" — The Brownian motion path is calculated by minimizing the approximation error.

Note

If an input noise process is specified using the Z input argument, BrownianMotionMethod is ignored.

The starting point for a Monte Carlo simulation is the construction of a Brownian motion sample path (or Wiener path). Such paths are built from a set of independent Gaussian variates, using either standard discretization, Brownian-bridge construction, or principal components construction.

Both standard discretization and Brownian-bridge construction share the same variance and, therefore, the same resulting convergence when used with the MonteCarloMethod using pseudo random numbers. However, the performance differs between the two when the MonteCarloMethod option "quasi" is introduced, with faster convergence for the "brownian-bridge" construction option and the fastest convergence for the "principal-components" construction option.

Data Types: string | char

Z — Direct specification of dependent random noise process used to generate the Brownian motion vector

Correlated Gaussian variates generated by Correlation of rvm or roughbergomi model (default) | numeric array

Direct specification of the dependent random noise process used to generate the Brownian motion vector (Wiener process) that drives the simulation. This argument is specified as a function or as an (NPeriods ⨉ NSteps)-by-NBrowns-by-NTrials three-dimensional array of dependent random variates.

Data Types: double

StorePaths — Flag that indicates how the output array Paths is stored and returned

True (default) | logical with values True or False

Flag that indicates how the output array Paths is stored and returned, specified as a scalar logical flag with a value of True or False.

• If StorePaths is True (the default value) or is unspecified, simByEuler returns Paths as a three-dimensional time series array.

• If StorePaths is False (logical 0), simByEuler returns the Paths output array as an empty matrix.

Data Types: logical

Processes — Sequence of end-of-period processes or state vector adjustments

[] (default) | function | cell array of functions

Sequence of end-of-period processes or state vector adjustments, specified as a function or cell array of functions of the form

$$X_t=P(t,X_t)$$

The simByEuler function runs processing functions at each observation period. They must accept the current observation time t, and the current state vector X_t, and return a state vector that may be an adjustment to the input state.

If you specify more than one processing function, simByEuler invokes the functions in the order in which they appear in the cell array. You can use this argument to specify boundary conditions, prevent negative prices, accumulate statistics, and plot graphs.

Data Types: cell | function

Output Arguments

Paths — Simulated paths of correlated state variables

array

Simulated paths of correlated state variables, returned as an (NPeriods + 1)-by-NVars-by-NTrials three-dimensional time series array.

For a given trial, each row of Paths is the transpose of the state vector X_t at time t. When the input flag StorePaths = False, simByEuler returns Paths as an empty matrix.

Note

The second state variable in the rough volatility model is volatility (not variance).

Times — Observation times associated with simulated paths

column vector

Observation times associated with the simulated paths, returned as an (NPeriods + 1)-by-1 column vector. Each element of Times is associated with the corresponding row of Paths.

Z — Dependent random variates used to generate Brownian motion vector

array

Dependent random variates used to generate the Brownian motion vector (Wiener processes) that drive the simulation, returned as an (NPeriods ⨉ NSteps)-by-NBrowns-by-NTrials three-dimensional time series array.

More About

Euler Simulation

Euler simulation approximates the solution of an SDE by discretizing the continuous-time process into discrete time steps.

The basic idea is to use the current state of the process to predict its future state, incorporating the stochastic component.

Antithetic Sampling

Simulation methods allow you to specify a popular variance reduction technique called antithetic sampling.

This technique attempts to replace one sequence of random observations with another of the same expected value, but smaller variance. In a typical Monte Carlo simulation, each sample path is independent and represents an independent trial. However, antithetic sampling generates sample paths in pairs. The first path of the pair is referred to as the primary path, and the second as the antithetic path. Any given pair is independent of any other pair, but the two paths within each pair are highly correlated. Antithetic sampling literature often recommends averaging the discounted payoffs of each pair, effectively halving the number of Monte Carlo trials.

This technique attempts to reduce variance by inducing negative dependence between paired input samples, ideally resulting in negative dependence between paired output samples. The greater the extent of negative dependence, the more effective antithetic sampling is.

Algorithms

This function simulates any vector-valued SDE of the form

$$d{X}_t=F(t,X_t)dt+G(t,X_t)d{W}_t$$

where:

• X is an NVars-by-1 state vector of process variables (for example, short rates or equity prices) to simulate.

• W is an NBrowns-by-1 Brownian motion vector.

• F is an NVars-by-1 vector-valued drift-rate function.

• G is an NVars-by-NBrowns matrix-valued diffusion-rate function.

simByEuler simulates NTrials sample paths of NVars correlated state variables driven by NBrowns Brownian motion sources of risk over NPeriods consecutive observation periods, using the Euler approach to approximate continuous-time stochastic processes.

• This simulation engine provides a discrete-time approximation of the underlying generalized continuous-time process. The simulation is derived directly from the stochastic differential equation of motion. Thus, the discrete-time process approaches the true continuous-time process only as DeltaTime approaches zero.

• The input argument Z allows you to directly specify the noise-generation process. This process takes precedence over the Correlation parameter of the sde object and the value of the Antithetic input flag. If you do not specify a value for Z, simByEuler generates correlated Gaussian variates, with or without antithetic sampling as requested.

• The end-of-period Processes argument allows you to terminate a given trial early. At the end of each time step, simByEuler tests the state vector X_t for an all-NaN condition. Thus, to signal an early termination of a given trial, all elements of the state vector X_t must be NaN. This test enables a user-defined Processes function to signal early termination of a trial, and offers significant performance benefits in some situations (for example, pricing down-and-out barrier options).

References

[1] Barndorff-Nielsen, O.E. and Schmiegel, J. “Brownian Semistationary Processes and Volatility/Intermittency.” Advanced Financial Modeling, Walter de Gruyter, Germany, 2009, pp. 1–26.

Version History

Introduced in R2023b

R2024b: Support for roughheston object

When using simByEuler, you can use a roughheston object.

R2024a: Support for roughbergomi object

When using simByEuler, you can use a roughbergomi object.