# anova

Class: RepeatedMeasuresModel

Analysis of variance for between-subject effects

## Syntax

``anovatbl = anova(rm)``
``anovatbl = anova(rm,'WithinModel',WM)``

## Description

example

````anovatbl = anova(rm)` returns the analysis of variance results for the repeated measures model `rm`.```

example

````anovatbl = anova(rm,'WithinModel',WM)` returns the analysis of variance results it performs using the response or responses specified by the within-subject model `WM`.```

## Input Arguments

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Repeated measures model, returned as a `RepeatedMeasuresModel` object.

For properties and methods of this object, see `RepeatedMeasuresModel`.

Within-subject model, specified as one of the following:

• `'separatemeans'` — The response is the average of the repeated measures (average across the within-subject model).

• `'orthogonalcontrasts'` — This is valid when the within-subject model has a single numeric factor T. Responses are the average, the slope of centered T, and, in general, all orthogonal contrasts for a polynomial up to T^(p – 1), where p is the number of rows in the within-subject model. `anova` multiplies `Y`, the response you use in the repeated measures model `rm` by the orthogonal contrasts, and uses the columns of the resulting product matrix as the responses.

`anova` computes the orthogonal contrasts for T using the Q factor of a QR factorization of the Vandermonde matrix.

• A character vector or string scalar that defines a model specification in the within-subject factors. Responses are defined by the terms in that model. `anova` multiplies Y, the response matrix you use in the repeated measures model `rm` by the terms of the model, and uses the columns of the result as the responses.

For example, if there is a Time factor and `'Time'` is the model specification, then `anova` uses two terms, the constant and the uncentered Time term. The default is `'1'` to perform on the average response.

• An r-by-nc matrix, C, specifying nc contrasts among the r repeated measures. If Y represents the matrix of repeated measures you use in the repeated measures model `rm`, then the output `tbl` contains a separate analysis of variance for each column of Y*C.

The `anova` table contains a separate univariate analysis of variance results for each response.

Example: `'WithinModel','Time'`

Example: `'WithinModel','orthogonalcontrasts'`

## Output Arguments

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Results of analysis of variance for between-subject effects, returned as a table. This includes all terms on the between-subjects model and the following columns.

Column NameDefinition
`Within`Within-subject factors
`Between`Between-subject factors
`SumSq`Sum of squares
`DF`Degrees of freedom
`MeanSq`Mean squared error
`F`F-statistic
`pValue`p-value corresponding to the F-statistic

## Examples

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`load fisheriris`

The column vector `species` consists of iris flowers of three different species: setosa, versicolor, and virginica. The double matrix `meas` consists of four types of measurements on the flowers: the length and width of sepals and petals in centimeters, respectively.

Store the data in a table array.

```t = table(species,meas(:,1),meas(:,2),meas(:,3),meas(:,4),... 'VariableNames',{'species','meas1','meas2','meas3','meas4'}); Meas = dataset([1 2 3 4]','VarNames',{'Measurements'});```

Fit a repeated measures model where the measurements are the responses and the species is the predictor variable.

`rm = fitrm(t,'meas1-meas4~species','WithinDesign',Meas);`

Perform analysis of variance.

`anova(rm)`
```ans=3×7 table Within Between SumSq DF MeanSq F pValue ________ ________ ______ ___ _______ ______ ___________ Constant constant 7201.7 1 7201.7 19650 2.0735e-158 Constant species 309.61 2 154.8 422.39 1.1517e-61 Constant Error 53.875 147 0.36649 ```

There are 150 observations and 3 species. The degrees of freedom for species is 3 - 1 = 2, and for error it is 150 - 3 = 147. The small $p$-value of 1.1517e-61 indicates that the measurements differ significantly according to species.

`load('panelData.mat');`

The dataset array, `panelData`, contains yearly observations on eight cities for 6 years. The first variable, `Growth`, measures economic growth (the response variable). The second and third variables are city and year indicators, respectively. The last variable, `Employ`, measures employment (the predictor variable). This is simulated data.

Store the data in a table array and define city as a nominal variable.

```t = table(panelData.Growth,panelData.City,panelData.Year,... 'VariableNames',{'Growth','City','Year'});```

Convert the data in a proper format to do repeated measures analysis.

```t = unstack(t,'Growth','Year','NewDataVariableNames',... {'year1','year2','year3','year4','year5','year6'});```

Add the mean employment level over the years as a predictor variable to the table `t`.

```t(:,8) = table(grpstats(panelData.Employ,panelData.City)); t.Properties.VariableNames{'Var8'} = 'meanEmploy';```

Define the within-subjects variable.

`Year = [1 2 3 4 5 6]';`

Fit a repeated measures model, where the growth figures over the 6 years are the responses and the mean employment is the predictor variable.

`rm = fitrm(t,'year1-year6 ~ meanEmploy','WithinDesign',Year);`

Perform analysis of variance.

`anovatbl = anova(rm,'WithinModel',Year)`
```anovatbl=3×7 table Within Between SumSq DF MeanSq F pValue _________ __________ __________ __ __________ ________ _________ Contrast1 constant 588.17 1 588.17 0.038495 0.85093 Contrast1 meanEmploy 3.7064e+05 1 3.7064e+05 24.258 0.0026428 Contrast1 Error 91675 6 15279 ```

`load('longitudinalData.mat');`

The matrix `Y` contains response data for 16 individuals. The response is the blood level of a drug measured at five time points (time = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8). Each row of `Y` corresponds to an individual, and each column corresponds to a time point. The first eight subjects are female, and the second eight subjects are male. This is simulated data.

Define a variable that stores gender information.

`Gender = ['F' 'F' 'F' 'F' 'F' 'F' 'F' 'F' 'M' 'M' 'M' 'M' 'M' 'M' 'M' 'M']';`

Store the data in a proper table array format to do repeated measures analysis.

```t = table(Gender,Y(:,1),Y(:,2),Y(:,3),Y(:,4),Y(:,5),... 'VariableNames',{'Gender','t0','t2','t4','t6','t8'});```

Define the within-subjects variable.

`Time = [0 2 4 6 8]';`

Fit a repeated measures model, where blood levels are the responses and gender is the predictor variable.

`rm = fitrm(t,'t0-t8 ~ Gender','WithinDesign',Time);`

Perform analysis of variance.

`anovatbl = anova(rm)`
```anovatbl=3×7 table Within Between SumSq DF MeanSq F pValue ________ ________ ______ __ ______ ______ __________ Constant constant 54702 1 54702 1079.2 1.1897e-14 Constant Gender 2251.7 1 2251.7 44.425 1.0693e-05 Constant Error 709.6 14 50.685 ```

There are 2 genders and 16 observations, so the degrees of freedom for gender is (2 - 1) = 1 and for error it is (16 - 2)*(2 - 1) = 14. The small $p$-value of 1.0693e-05 indicates that there is a significant effect of gender on blood pressure.

Repeat analysis of variance using orthogonal contrasts.

`anovatbl = anova(rm,'WithinModel','orthogonalcontrasts')`
```anovatbl=15×7 table Within Between SumSq DF MeanSq F pValue ________ ________ __________ __ __________ __________ __________ Constant constant 54702 1 54702 1079.2 1.1897e-14 Constant Gender 2251.7 1 2251.7 44.425 1.0693e-05 Constant Error 709.6 14 50.685 Time constant 310.83 1 310.83 31.023 6.9065e-05 Time Gender 13.341 1 13.341 1.3315 0.26785 Time Error 140.27 14 10.019 Time^2 constant 565.42 1 565.42 98.901 1.0003e-07 Time^2 Gender 1.4076 1 1.4076 0.24621 0.62746 Time^2 Error 80.039 14 5.7171 Time^3 constant 2.6127 1 2.6127 1.4318 0.25134 Time^3 Gender 7.8853e-06 1 7.8853e-06 4.3214e-06 0.99837 Time^3 Error 25.546 14 1.8247 Time^4 constant 2.8404 1 2.8404 0.47924 0.50009 Time^4 Gender 2.9016 1 2.9016 0.48956 0.49559 Time^4 Error 82.977 14 5.9269 ```