Error using vertcat Dimensions of arrays being concatenated are not consistent..

The code below is showing the following error

Error using vertcat

Dimensions of arrays being concatenated are not consistent.

Error in Waveform_Partition_Reconstruction (line 83)

second_derivative = diff([0; diff(Ida_normalized(i:window_end))]);

I can't solve it, any suggestions?

clear all;
close all;
clc;
warning off;

caso=input('Which case do you want to analyze? ');

if  caso == 1
    h=input('Which run do you want to analyze? ');
    N=input('For which sampling do you want to analyze? ');
    [Ip_phaseA, Ip_phaseB, Ip_phaseC, Is_phaseA, Is_phaseB, Is_phaseC, T, switchingInstant] = PSCAD_1(h, N);
elseif caso == 2
    h = input('Enter the percentage of transmission line where the fault occurs (0, 25, 50, 75, or 100): ');
    N = input('Enter the value of N: ');
    fault_type = input('Enter the fault type (A, B, C, AB, BC, CA, or ABC): ', 's');
    run = input('Enter the run number (from 1 to 9): ');
    [Ip_phaseA, Ip_phaseB, Ip_phaseC, Is_phaseA, Is_phaseB, Is_phaseC, If_phaseA, If_phaseB, If_phaseC, T, switchingInstant] = PSCAD_2(h, N, fault_type, run);
else
    disp('Invalid option. Please choose 1, 2, or 3.');
    return;
end

if caso == 1
    Ida = Ip_phaseA - Is_phaseA;
    Idb = Ip_phaseB - Is_phaseB;
    Idc = Ip_phaseC - Is_phaseC;
else
    Ida = If_phaseA / 100;
    Idb = If_phaseB / 100;
    Idc = If_phaseC / 100;
end

% Assuming Ida, Idb, and Idc are your current signals for phases A, B, and C
% Normalize the current signals
Ida_normalized = Ida / max(abs(Ida));
Idb_normalized = Idb / max(abs(Idb));
Idc_normalized = Idc / max(abs(Idc));

% Wavelet decomposition parameters
wavelet = 'db3';
level = 3;
k = 8; % Window length

% Define the thresholds
T1 = 0.1e-4;

% Initialize energy arrays with zero
n = length(Ida_normalized); % Number of sampling points
Ea = zeros(1, n);
Eb = zeros(1, n);
Ec = zeros(1, n);

% Initialize the combined criteria
Li1 = zeros(1, n);
Li2 = zeros(1, n);
L = zeros(1, n);  % The combined criterion

% Decompose and calculate energy for each phase
for i = 1:(n-k+1)
    window_end = i + k - 1; % Define the end of the current window
    
    % Decompose and calculate energy for Ida_normalized
    [cA, cD] = dwt(Ida_normalized(i:window_end), wavelet);
    for j = 1:level-1
        [cA, cD] = dwt(cA, wavelet); % Further decomposition
    end
    Ea(i) = sum(cD.^2);
    
    % Decompose and calculate energy for Idb_normalized
    [cA, cD] = dwt(Idb_normalized(i:window_end), wavelet);
    for j = 1:level-1
        [cA, cD] = dwt(cA, wavelet); % Further decomposition
    end
    Eb(i) = sum(cD.^2);
    
    % Decompose and calculate energy for Idc_normalized
    [cA, cD] = dwt(Idc_normalized(i:window_end), wavelet);
    for j = 1:level-1
        [cA, cD] = dwt(cA, wavelet); % Further decomposition
    end
    Ec(i) = sum(cD.^2);
    
    % Calculate the second derivative of the current signal
    second_derivative = diff([0; diff(Ida_normalized(i:window_end))]); % LINE ERROR
    
    % Calculate the energy of the second derivative
    E2 = second_derivative.^2;
    E2_energy = sum(E2);
    
    % Criteria for wavelet energy
    Li1(i) = (Ea(i) > T1) || (Eb(i) > T1) || (Ec(i) > T1);
    
    % Dynamic thresholding based on maximum energy observed
    T2 = T1; % Initialize T2 with the default threshold
    if (max(E2) > 0.3 * T1)
        T2 = 5e-4; % High threshold for fault current
    elseif (max(E2) >= 5e-3 * T1)
        T2 = 5e-3; % Low threshold for inrush current
    end
    
    % Criteria for second derivative energy
    Li2(i) = E2_energy > T2;
    
    % Combined criterion
    L(i) = Li1(i) || Li2(i);
end	

Answer 1

[Torsten]

Most probably:

second_derivative = diff([0, diff(Ida_normalized(i:window_end))]);

instead of

second_derivative = diff([0; diff(Ida_normalized(i:window_end))]);