Addition: I was able to fix the problem. Why did the build work before the renaming? The model was originally created in R2023a and later migrated to R2024b. In R2023a, using custom-defined buses for the IPC Read Block worked only when the buses from the data dictionary were copied into the base workspace.
How did I fix the problem?
I copied all IPC Read Blocks used in the R2024b model into a separate model and exported it to R2023a. Then, I set up the dictionary and hardware settings for the R2023a model. After that, I copied the bus definitions to the base workspace and built the model in R2023a. Next, I opened the built model in R2024b and copied the prebuilt blocks into my main R2024b model. After these steps, the build worked again.
Unfortunately, I have not found a way to use my own bus definitions directly in R2024b.