# VCO

Model voltage controlled oscillator

• Library:
• Mixed-Signal Blockset / PLL / Building Blocks

## Description

VCO or voltage controlled oscillator is a voltage to frequency converter. It produces an output square wave signal whose frequency is controlled by the voltage at the input vctrl port. The frequency of the output signal, F is determined either by:

$F=\left({K}_{VCO}·{V}_{ctrl}\right)+{F}_{o}$

where:

• Kvco = voltage sensitivity (in Hz/V)

• Vctrl = control voltage (in V)

• Fo= free running frequency (in Hz)

or from linear interpolation using the mapping:

$F=\text{interp}\left({F}_{out}\left({V}_{cntl}\right)\right)$

where:

• Vctnl = vector of control voltages (in V)

• Fout= vector of corresponding output frequencies (in Hz)

## Ports

### Input

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VCO control voltage used to control the output frequency of the VCO. In a phase-locked loop (PLL) system, vctrl is the output of the Loop Filter that contains the phase error information.

Data Types: double

### Output

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Output square wave signal of VCO. In a PLL system, vco out is the output clock generated by the PLL. It is also fed back to the PFD block through a clock divider to complete the control loop.

Data Types: double

## Parameters

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### Parameters

Define how VCO output frequency is specified:

• Select Voltage sensitivity to specify output frequency from Voltage sensitivity (Hz/V) and Free running frequency (Hz).

• Select Output frequency vs. control voltage to interpolate output frequency from Control voltage (V) vector versus Output frequency (Hz) vector.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: SpecifyUsing Type: character vector Values: Voltage sensitivity | Output frequency vs. control voltage Default: Voltage sensitivity

Measure of change in output frequency for input voltage change, specified as a positive real scalar with units in Hz/V. This parameter is also reported as VCO voltage sensitivity in the Loop Filter tab and is used to automatically calculate the filter component values of the loop filter.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Voltage sensitivity in Specify using in the Parameters tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: Kvco Type: character vector Values: positive real scalar Default: 100e6

Data Types: double

Frequency of the VCO without any control voltage input (0 V), or the quiescent frequency, specified as a positive real scalar in Hz.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Voltage sensitivity in Specify using in the Parameters tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: Fo Type: character vector Values: positive real scalar Default: 2.5e9

Data Types: double

Control voltage values of the VCO, specified as a real valued vector in volts.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Output frequency vs. control voltage in Specify using in the Parameters tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: ControlVoltage Type: character vector Values: real valued vector Default: [-5 0 5]

Data Types: double

Output frequency of the values of the VCO, corresponding to the Control voltage (V) vector, specified in Hz.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Output frequency vs. control voltage in Specify using in the Parameters tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: OutputFrequency Type: character vector Values: positive real valued vector Default: [2e9 2.5e9 3e9]

Data Types: double

Maximum amplitude of the VCO output voltage, specified as a positive real scalar.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: Amplitude Type: character vector Values: positive real scalar Default: 1

Data Types: double

Select to enable increased buffer size during simulation. This increases the buffer size of the Variable Pulse Delay block inside the VCO block. By default, this option is deselected.

Number of samples of the input buffering available during simulation, specified as a positive integer scalar. This sets the buffer size of the Variable Pulse Delay block inside the VCO block.

Selecting different simulation solver or sampling strategies can change the number of input samples needed to produce an accurate output sample. Set the Buffer size to a large enough value so that the input buffer contains all the input samples required.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Enable increased buffer size.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: NBuffer Type: character vector Values: positive integer scalar Default: 10

Data Types: double

### Impairments

Select to introduce phase noise as a function of frequency to the VCO. By default, this option is selected.

The frequency offsets of phase noise from the carrier frequency specified as a positive real valued vector in Hz.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Add phase noise in the Impairments tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: Foffset Type: character vector Values: positive real valued vector Default: [30e3 100e3 1e6 3e6 10e6]

Data Types: double

The phase noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth centered at the specified frequency offsets relative to the carrier specified as a negative real valued vector in dBc/Hz. The elements of Phase noise level corresponds to relative elements in the Phase noise frequency offset.

#### Dependencies

To enable this parameter, select Add phase noise in the Impairments tab.

#### Programmatic Use

 Block parameter: PhaseNoise Type: character vector Values: negative real valued vector Default: [-56 -106 -132 -143 -152]

Data Types: double