twoRayChannel
Description
The twoRayChannel
System object™ models a narrowband two-ray propagation channel. A two-ray propagation
channel is the simplest type of multipath channel. You can use a two-ray channel to
simulate propagation of signals in a homogeneous, isotropic medium with a single
reflecting boundary. This type of medium has two propagation paths: a line-of-sight
(direct) propagation path from one point to another and a ray path reflected from the
boundary. You can use the twoRayChannel
object for short-range radar and
mobile communications applications where the signals propagate along straight paths and
the earth is assumed to be flat. You can also use this object for sonar and microphone
applications. For acoustic applications, you can choose the fields to be non-polarized
and adjust the propagation speed to be the speed of sound in air or water. You can use
twoRayChannel
to model propagation from several points
simultaneously.
While the twoRayChannel
object works for all frequencies, the
attenuation models for atmospheric gases and rain are valid for electromagnetic signals
in the frequency range 1–1000 GHz only. The attenuation model for fog and clouds is
valid for 10–1000 GHz. Outside these frequency ranges, the twoRayChannel
object uses the nearest valid value.
The twoRayChannel
object applies range-dependent time delays to the
signals, and as well as gains or losses, phase shifts, and boundary reflection loss. The
twoRayChannel
object also applies Doppler shift when either the
source or destination is moving.
Signals at the channel output can be kept separate or be
combined — controlled by the
CombinedRaysOutput
property. In the
separate option, both fields arrive at the destination
separately and are not combined. For the combined option, the two
signals at the source propagate separately but are coherently summed at the destination
into a single quantity. This option is convenient when the difference between the sensor
or array gains in the directions of the two paths is not significant and need not be
taken into account.
Unlike the phased.FreeSpace
System object, the twoRayChannel
System object does not support two-way propagation.
To perform two-ray channel propagation:
Create the
twoRayChannel
object and set its properties.Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.
To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?
Creation
Description
creates a
two-ray propagation channel
= twoRayChannelchannel
System object.
creates a two-ray propagation channel
= twoRayChannel(Name=Value
)channel
System object with each specified property Name
set to the
corresponding Value
. You can specify additional pairs of
arguments in any order as
Name1=Value1
,...,NameN=ValueN
.
Properties
Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their
values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the
release
function unlocks them.
If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.
For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.
PropagationSpeed
— Signal propagation speed (m/s)
physconst('LightSpeed')
(default) | positive scalar
Signal propagation speed, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in meters per
second (m/s). The default propagation speed is the value returned by
physconst('LightSpeed')
. See physconst
for more information.
Example: 3e8
Data Types: double
OperatingFrequency
— Signal carrier frequency (Hz)
300e6
(default) | positive scalar
Operating frequency, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in Hz.
Example: 1e9
Data Types: double
SpecifyAtmosphere
— Enable atmospheric attenuation model
false
(default) | true
Option to enable the atmospheric attenuation model, specified
as a false
or true
. Set this
property to true
to add signal attenuation caused
by atmospheric gases, rain, fog, or clouds. Set this property to false
to
ignore atmospheric effects in propagation.
Setting SpecifyAtmosphere
to true
, enables the
Temperature
, DryAirPressure
,
WaterVaporDensity
, LiquidWaterDensity
, and
RainRate
properties.
Data Types: logical
Temperature
— Ambient temperature (degrees Celsius)
15
(default) | real-valued scalar
Ambient temperature, specified as a real-valued scalar. Units are in degrees Celsius.
Example: 20.0
Dependencies
To enable this property, set SpecifyAtmosphere
to
true
.
Data Types: double
DryAirPressure
— Atmospheric dry air pressure (Pa)
101.325e3
(default) | positive real-valued scalar
Atmospheric dry air pressure, specified as a positive real-valued scalar. Units are in pascals (Pa). The default value of this property corresponds to one standard atmosphere.
Example: 101.0e3
Dependencies
To enable this property, set SpecifyAtmosphere
to
true
.
Data Types: double
WaterVaporDensity
— Atmospheric water vapor density (g/m3)
7.5
(default) | positive real-valued scalar
Atmospheric water vapor density, specified as a positive real-valued scalar. Units are in g/m3.
Example: 7.4
Dependencies
To enable this property, set SpecifyAtmosphere
to
true
.
Data Types: double
LiquidWaterDensity
— Liquid water density (g/m3)
0.0
(default) | nonnegative real-valued scalar
Liquid water density of fog or clouds, specified as a nonnegative real-valued scalar. Units are in g/m3. Typical values for liquid water density are 0.05 for medium fog and 0.5 for thick fog.
Example: 0.1
Dependencies
To enable this property, set SpecifyAtmosphere
to
true
.
Data Types: double
RainRate
— Rainfall rate (mm/hr)
0.0
(default) | nonnegative scalar
Rainfall rate, specified as a nonnegative scalar. Units are in mm/hr.
Example: 10.0
Dependencies
To enable this property, set SpecifyAtmosphere
to
true
.
Data Types: double
SampleRate
— Sample rate of signal (Hz)
1e6
(default) | positive scalar
Sample rate of signal, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in Hz. The System object uses this quantity to calculate the propagation delay in units of samples. The default value corresponds to 1 MHz.
Example: 1e6
Data Types: double
EnablePolarization
— Enable polarized fields
false
(default) | true
Option to enable polarized fields, specified as false
or
true
. Set this property to true
to enable
polarization. Set this property to false
to ignore
polarization.
Data Types: logical
GroundReflectionCoefficient
— Ground reflection coefficient
-1
(default) | complex-valued scalar | complex-valued 1-by-N row vector
Ground reflection coefficient for the field at the reflection
point, specified as a complex-valued scalar or a complex-valued 1-by-N row
vector. Each coefficient has an absolute value less than or equal
to one. The quantity N is the number of two-ray
channels. Units are dimensionless. Use this property to model nonpolarized
signals. To model polarized signals, use the GroundRelativePermittivity
property.
Example: -0.5
Dependencies
To enable this property, set EnablePolarization
to false
.
Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes
GroundRelativePermittivity
— Ground relative permittivity
15
(default) | positive real-valued scalar | real-valued 1-by-Nrow vector of positive
values
Relative permittivity of the ground at the reflection point,
specified as a positive real-valued scalar or a 1-by-N real-valued
row vector of positive values. The dimension N is
the number of two-ray channels. Permittivity units are dimensionless.
Relative permittivity is defined as the ratio of actual ground permittivity
to the permittivity of free space. This property applies when you
set the EnablePolarization
property to true
.
Use this property to model polarized signals. To model nonpolarized
signals, use the GroundReflectionCoefficient
property.
Example: 5
Dependencies
To enable this property, set EnablePolarization
to true
.
Data Types: double
CombinedRaysOutput
— Option to combine two rays at output
true
(default) | false
Option to combine the two rays at channel output, specified
as true
or false
. When this
property is true
, the object coherently adds the
line-of-sight propagated signal and the reflected path signal when
forming the output signal. Use this mode when you do not need to include
the directional gain of an antenna or array in your simulation.
Data Types: logical
MaximumDistanceSource
— Source of maximum one-way propagation distance
'Auto'
(default) | 'Property'
Source of maximum one-way propagation distance, specified as 'Auto'
or 'Property'
.
The maximum one-way propagation distance is used to allocate sufficient
memory for signal delay computation. When you set this property to 'Auto'
,
the System object automatically allocates memory. When you set
this property to 'Property'
, you specify the maximum
one-way propagation distance using the value of the MaximumDistance
property.
Data Types: char
MaximumDistance
— Maximum one-way propagation distance (m)
10000
(default) | positive real-valued scalar
Maximum one-way propagation distance, specified as a positive real-valued scalar. Units are in meters. Any signal that propagates more than the maximum one-way distance is ignored. The maximum distance must be greater than or equal to the largest position-to-position distance.
Example: 5000
Dependencies
To enable this property, set the MaximumDistanceSource
property to 'Property'
.
Data Types: double
MaximumNumInputSamplesSource
— Source of maximum number of samples
'Auto'
(default) | 'Property'
The source of the maximum number of samples of the input signal, specified as
'Auto'
or 'Property'
. When you set this
property to 'Auto'
, the propagation model automatically allocates
enough memory to buffer the input signal. When you set this property to
'Property'
, you specify the maximum number of samples in the
input signal using the MaximumNumInputSamples
property. Any input
signal longer than that value is truncated.
To use this object with variable-size signals in a MATLAB® Function Block in Simulink®, set the MaximumNumInputSamplesSource
property to
'Property'
and set a value for the
MaximumNumInputSamples
property.
Example: 'Property'
Dependencies
To enable this property, set MaximumDistanceSource
to
'Property'
.
Data Types: char
MaximumNumInputSamples
— Maximum number of input signal samples
100
(default) | positive integer
Maximum number of input signal samples, specified as a positive integer. The size of the input signal is the number of rows in the input matrix. Any input signal longer than this number is truncated. To process signals completely, ensure that this property value is greater than any maximum input signal length.
The waveform-generating System objects determine the maximum signal size:
For any waveform, if the waveform
OutputFormat
property is set to'Samples'
, the maximum signal length is the value specified in theNumSamples
property.For pulse waveforms, if the
OutputFormat
is set to'Pulses'
, the signal length is the product of the smallest pulse repetition frequency, the number of pulses, and the sample rate.For continuous waveforms, if the
OutputFormat
is set to'Sweeps'
, the signal length is the product of the sweep time, the number of sweeps, and the sample rate.
Example: 2048
Dependencies
To enable this property, set MaximumNumInputSamplesSource
to 'Property'
.
Data Types: double
Usage
Description
returns the resulting signal, prop_sig
= channel
(sig
,origin_pos
,dest_pos
,origin_vel
,dest_vel
)prop_sig
, when a narrowband
signal, sig
, propagates through a two-ray channel from the
origin_pos
position to the
dest_pos
position. Either the
origin_pos
or dest_pos
arguments
can have multiple points but you cannot specify both as having multiple points.
The velocity of the signal origin is specified in
origin_vel
and the velocity of the signal destination
is specified in dest_vel
. The dimensions of
origin_vel
and dest_vel
must agree
with the dimensions of origin_pos
and
dest_pos
, respectively.
Electromagnetic fields propagated through a two-ray channel can be polarized
or nonpolarized. For, nonpolarized fields, such as an acoustic field, the
propagating signal field, sig
, is a vector or matrix. When
the fields are polarized, sig
is an array of structures.
Every structure element represents an electric field vector in Cartesian
form.
In the two-ray environment, there are two signal paths connecting every signal origin and destination pair. For N signal origins (or N signal destinations), there are 2N number of paths. The signals for each origin-destination pair do not have to be related. The signals along the two paths for any single source-destination pair can also differ due to phase or amplitude differences.
You can keep the two signals at the destination separate
or combined — controlled by the
CombinedRaysOutput
property.
Combined means that the signals at the source propagate
separately along the two paths but are coherently summed at the destination into
a single quantity. To use the separate option, set
CombinedRaysOutput
to false
. To use
the combined option, set
CombinedRaysOutput
to true
. This
option is convenient when the difference between the sensor or array gains in
the directions of the two paths is not significant and need not be taken into
account.
Input Arguments
channel
— Narrowband two-ray channel object
twoRayChannel
object
twoRayChannel
Narrowband two-ray channel, specified as a
twoRayChannel
System object.
sig
— Narrowband signal
M-by-N complex-valued
matrix | M-by-2N complex-valued
matrix | 1-by-N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields | 1-by-2N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields
Narrowband nonpolarized scalar signal, specified as an
M-by-N complex-valued matrix. Each column contains a common signal propagated along both the line-of-sight path and the reflected path. You can use this form when both path signals are the same.
M-by-2N complex-valued matrix. Each adjacent pair of columns represents a different channel. Within each pair, the first column represents the signal propagated along the line-of-sight path and the second column represents the signal propagated along the reflected path.
Narrowband polarized signal, specified as a
1-by-N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields. Eachstruct
contains a common polarized signal propagated along both the line-of-sight path and the reflected path. Each structure element contains an M-by-1 column vector of electromagnetic field components(sig.X,sig.Y,sig.Z)
. You can use this form when both path signals are the same.1-by-2N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields. Each adjacent pair of array columns represents a different channel. Within each pair, the first column represents the signal along the line-of-sight path and the second column represents the signal along the reflected path. Each structure element contains an M-by-1 column vector of electromagnetic field components(sig.X,sig.Y,sig.Z)
.
For nonpolarized fields, the quantity M is the number of samples of the signal and N is the number of two-ray channels. Each channel corresponds to a source-destination pair.
The size of the first dimension of the input matrix can vary to simulate a changing signal length. A size change can occur, for example, in the case of a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.
For polarized fields, the struct
element contains
three M-by-1 complex-valued column vectors,
sig.X
, sig.Y
, and
sig.Z
. These vectors represent the
x, y, and z
Cartesian components of the polarized signal.
The size of the first dimension of the matrix fields within
the struct
can vary to simulate a changing signal
length such as a pulse waveform with variable pulse repetition frequency.
Example: [1,1;j,1;0.5,0]
Data Types: double
Complex Number Support: Yes
origin_pos
— Origin of the signal or signals
3-by-1 real-valued column vector | 3-by-N real-valued matrix
Origin of the signal or signals, specified as a 3-by-1 real-valued
column vector or 3-by-N real-valued matrix. The
quantity N is the number of two-ray channels. If
origin_pos
is a column vector, it takes the
form [x;y;z]
. If origin_pos
is a
matrix, each column specifies a different signal origin and has the form
[x;y;z]
. Position units are meters.
origin_pos
and dest_pos
cannot both be specified as matrices — at least one must be a
3-by-1 column vector.
Example: [1000;100;500]
Data Types: double
dest_pos
— Destination position of the signal or signals
3-by-1 real-valued column vector | 3-by-N real-valued matrix
Destination position of the signal or signals, specified as a 3-by-1
real-valued column vector or 3-by-N real-valued
matrix. The quantity N is the number of two-ray
channels propagating from or to N signal origins. If
dest_pos
is a 3-by-1 column vector, it takes
the form [x;y;z]
. If dest_pos
is
a matrix, each column specifies a different signal destination and takes
the form [x;y;z]
Position units are in meters.
You cannot specify origin_pos
and
dest_pos
as matrices. At least one must be a
3-by-1 column vector.
Example: [0;0;0]
Data Types: double
origin_vel
— Velocity of signal origin
3-by-1 real-valued column vector | 3-by-N real-valued matrix
Velocity of signal origin, specified as a 3-by-1 real-valued column
vector or 3-by-N real-valued matrix. The dimensions
of origin_vel
must match the dimensions of
origin_pos
. If origin_vel
is a column vector, it takes the form [Vx;Vy;Vz]
. If
origin_vel
is a 3-by-N
matrix, each column specifies a different origin velocity and has the
form [Vx;Vy;Vz]
. Velocity units are in meters per
second.
Example: [10;0;5]
Data Types: double
dest_vel
— Velocity of signal destinations
3-by-1 real-valued column vector | 3-by-N real-valued matrix
Velocity of signal destinations, specified as a 3-by-1 real-valued
column vector or 3–by-N real-valued matrix. The
dimensions of dest_vel
must match the dimensions of
dest_pos
. If dest_vel
is a
column vector, it takes the form [Vx;Vy;Vz]
. If
dest_vel
is a 3-by-N matrix,
each column specifies a different destination velocity and has the form
[Vx;Vy;Vz]
Velocity units are in meters per
second.
Example: [0;0;0]
Data Types: double
Output Arguments
prop_sig
— Propagated signal
M-by-N complex-valued
matrix | M-by-2N complex-valued
matrix | 1-by-N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields | 1-by-2N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields
Narrowband nonpolarized scalar signal, returned as an:
M-by-N complex-valued matrix. To return this format, set the
CombinedRaysOutput
property totrue
. Each matrix column contains the coherently combined signals from the line-of-sight path and the reflected path.M-by-2N complex-valued matrix. To return this format set the
CombinedRaysOutput
property tofalse
. Alternate columns of the matrix contain the signals from the line-of-sight path and the reflected path.
Narrowband polarized scalar signal, returned as:
1-by-N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields. To return this format, set theCombinedRaysOutput
property totrue
. Each column of the array contains the coherently combined signals from the line-of-sight path and the reflected path. Each structure element contains the electromagnetic field vector(prop_sig.X,prop_sig.Y,prop_sig.Z)
.1-by-2N
struct
array containing complex-valued fields. To return this format, set theCombinedRaysOutput
property tofalse
. Alternate columns contains the signals from the line-of-sight path and the reflected path. Each structure element contains the electromagnetic field vector(prop_sig.X,prop_sig.Y,prop_sig.Z)
.
The output prop_sig
contains signal samples
arriving at the signal destination within the current input time frame.
Whenever it takes longer than the current time frame for the signal to
propagate from the origin to the destination, the output may not contain
all contributions from the input of the current time frame. The
remaining output will appear in the next call to the object.
Object Functions
To use an object function, specify the
System object as the first input argument. For
example, to release system resources of a System object named obj
, use
this syntax:
release(obj)
Examples
Scalar Field Propagating in Two-Ray Channel
This example illustrates the two-ray propagation of a signal, showing how the signals from the line-of-sight and reflected path arrive at the receiver at different times.
Create and Plot Propagating Signal
Create a nonpolarized electromagnetic field consisting of two rectangular waveform pulses at a carrier frequency of 100 MHz. Assume the pulse width is 10 ms and the sampling rate is 1 MHz. The bandwidth of the pulse is 0.1 MHz. Assume a 50% duty cycle in so that the pulse width is one-half the pulse repetition interval. Create a two-pulse wave train. Set the GroundReflectionCoefficient
to 0.9 to model strong ground reflectivity. Propagate the field from a stationary source to a stationary receiver. The vertical separation of the source and receiver is approximately 10 km.
c = physconst('LightSpeed'); fs = 1e6; pw = 10e-6; pri = 2*pw; PRF = 1/pri; fc = 100e6; lambda = c/fc; waveform = phased.RectangularWaveform('SampleRate',fs,'PulseWidth',pw,... 'PRF',PRF,'OutputFormat','Pulses','NumPulses',2); wav = waveform(); n = size(wav,1); figure; plot((0:(n-1)),real(wav),'b.-'); xlabel('Time (samples)') ylabel('Waveform magnitude')
Specify the Location of Source and Receiver
Place the source and receiver about 1000 meters apart horizontally and approximately 10 km apart vertically.
pos1 = [1000;0;10000]; pos2 = [0;100;100]; vel1 = [0;0;0]; vel2 = [0;0;0];
Compute the predicted signal delays in units of samples.
[rng,ang] = rangeangle(pos2,pos1,'two-ray');
Create a Two-Ray Channel System Object™
Create a two-ray propagation channel System object™ and propagate the signal along both the line-of-sight and reflected ray paths.
channel = twoRayChannel('SampleRate',fs,... 'GroundReflectionCoefficient',.9,'OperatingFrequency',fc,... 'CombinedRaysOutput',false); prop_signal = channel([wav,wav],pos1,pos2,vel1,vel2);
Plot the Propagated Signals
Plot the signal propagated along the line-of-sight.
Then, overlay a plot of the signal propagated along the reflected path.
Finally, overlay a plot of the coherent sum of the two signals.
n = size(prop_signal,1); delay = 0:(n-1); plot(delay,abs(prop_signal(:,1)),'g') hold on plot(delay,abs(prop_signal(:,2)),'r') plot(delay,abs(prop_signal(:,1) + prop_signal(:,2)),'b') hold off legend('Line-of-sight','Reflected','Combined','Location','NorthWest') xlabel('Delay (samples)') ylabel('Signal Magnitude')
The plot shows that the delay of the reflected path signal agrees with the predicted delay. The magnitude of the coherently combined signal is less than either of the propagated signals indicating that there is some interference between the two signals.
Polarized Field Propagation in Two-Ray Channel
Create a polarized electromagnetic field consisting of linear FM waveform pulses. Propagate the field from a stationary source with a crossed-dipole antenna element to a stationary receiver approximately 10 km away. The transmitting antenna is 100 meters above the ground. The receiving antenna is 150 m above the ground. The receiving antenna is also a crossed-dipole. Plot the received signal.
Set Radar Waveform Parameters
Assume the pulse width is and the sampling rate is 10 MHz. The bandwidth of the pulse is 1 MHz. Assume a 50% duty cycle in which the pulse width is one-half the pulse repetition interval. Create a two-pulse wave train. Assume a carrier frequency of 100 MHz.
c = physconst('LightSpeed');
fs = 10e6;
pw = 10e-6;
pri = 2*pw;
PRF = 1/pri;
fc = 100e6;
bw = 1e6;
lambda = c/fc;
Set Up Required System Objects
Use a GroundRelativePermittivity
of 10.
waveform = phased.LinearFMWaveform('SampleRate',fs,'PulseWidth',pw,... 'PRF',PRF,'OutputFormat','Pulses','NumPulses',2,'SweepBandwidth',bw,... 'SweepDirection','Up','Envelope','Rectangular','SweepInterval',... 'Positive'); antenna = phased.CrossedDipoleAntennaElement(... 'FrequencyRange',[50,200]*1e6); radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',antenna,'OperatingFrequency',fc,... 'Polarization','Combined'); channel = twoRayChannel('SampleRate',fs,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc,'CombinedRaysOutput',false,... 'EnablePolarization',true,'GroundRelativePermittivity',10); collector = phased.Collector('Sensor',antenna,'OperatingFrequency',fc,... 'Polarization','Combined');
Set Up Scene Geometry
Specify transmitter and receiver positions, velocities, and orientations. Place the source and receiver about 1000 m apart horizontally and approximately 50 m apart vertically.
posTx = [0;100;100]; posRx = [1000;0;150]; velTx = [0;0;0]; velRx = [0;0;0]; laxRx = rotz(180); laxTx = rotx(1)*eye(3);
Create and Radiate Signals from Transmitter
Compute the transmission angles for the two rays traveling toward the receiver. These angles are defined with respect to the transmitter local coordinate system. The phased.Radiator
System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals.
[rng,angsTx] = rangeangle(posRx,posTx,laxTx,'two-ray');
wav = waveform();
Plot the transmitted Waveform
n = size(wav,1); plot((0:(n-1))/fs*1000000,real(wav)) xlabel('Time ({\mu}sec)') ylabel('Waveform')
sig = radiator(wav,angsTx,laxTx);
Propagate signals to receiver via two-ray channel
prop_sig = channel(sig,posTx,posRx,velTx,velRx);
Receive Propagated Signal
Compute the reception angles for the two rays arriving at the receiver. These angles are defined with respect to the receiver local coordinate system. The phased.Collector
System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals.
[~,angsRx] = rangeangle(posTx,posRx,laxRx,'two-ray');
Collect and combine received rays.
y = collector(prop_sig,angsRx,laxRx);
Plot received waveform
plot((0:(n-1))/fs*1000000,real(y)) xlabel('Time ({\mu}sec)') ylabel('Received Waveform')
Compare Two-Ray with Free Space Propagation
Propagate a signal in a two-ray channel environment from a radar at (0,0,10) meters to a target at (300,200,30) meters. Assume that the radar and target are stationary and that the transmitting antenna has a cosine pattern. Compare the combined signals from the two paths with the single signal resulting from free space propagation. Set the CombinedRaysOutput
to true
to produce a combined propagated signal.
Create a Rectangular Waveform
Set the sample rate to 2 MHz.
fs = 2e6;
waveform = phased.RectangularWaveform('SampleRate',fs);
wavfrm = waveform();
Create the Transmitting Antenna and Radiator
Set up a phased.Radiator
System object™ to transmit from a cosine antenna
antenna = phased.CosineAntennaElement;
radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',antenna);
Specify Transmitter and Target Coordinates
posTx = [0;0;10]; posTgt = [300;200;30]; velTx = [0;0;0]; velTgt = [0;0;0];
Free Space Propagation
Compute the transmitting direction toward the target for the free-space model. Then, radiate the signal.
[~,angFS] = rangeangle(posTgt,posTx); wavTx = radiator(wavfrm,angFS);
Propagate the signal to the target.
fschannel = phased.FreeSpace('SampleRate',waveform.SampleRate);
yfs = fschannel(wavTx,posTx,posTgt,velTx,velTgt);
release(radiator);
Two-Ray Propagation
Compute the two transmit angles toward the target for line-of-sight (LOS) path and reflected paths. Compute the transmitting directions toward the target for the two rays. Then, radiate the signals.
[~,angTwoRay] = rangeangle(posTgt,posTx,'two-ray');
wavTwoRay = radiator(wavfrm,angTwoRay);
Propagate the signals to the target.
channel = twoRayChannel('SampleRate',waveform.SampleRate,... 'CombinedRaysOutput',true); y2ray = channel(wavTwoRay,posTx,posTgt,velTx,velTgt);
Plot the Propagated Signals
Plot the combined signal against the free-space signal
plot(abs([y2ray yfs])) legend('Two-ray','Free space') xlabel('Samples') ylabel('Signal Magnitude')
Two-Ray Propagation of LFM Waveform
Propagate a linear FM signal in a two-ray channel. The signal propagates from a transmitter located at (1000,10,10)
meters in the global coordinate system to a receiver at (10000,200,30)
meters. Assume that the transmitter and the receiver are stationary and that they both have cosine antenna patterns. Plot the received signal.
Set up the radar scenario. First, create the required System objects.
waveform = phased.LinearFMWaveform('SampleRate',1000000,... 'OutputFormat','Pulses','NumPulses',2); fs = waveform.SampleRate; antenna = phased.CosineAntennaElement; radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',antenna); collector = phased.Collector('Sensor',antenna); channel = twoRayChannel('SampleRate',fs,... 'CombinedRaysOutput',false,'GroundReflectionCoefficient',0.95);
Set up the scene geometry. Specify transmitter and receiver positions and velocities. The transmitter and receiver are stationary.
posTx = [1000;10;10]; posRx = [10000;200;30]; velTx = [0;0;0]; velRx = [0;0;0];
Specify the transmitting and receiving radar antenna orientations with respect to the global coordinates. The transmitting antenna points along the +x direction and the receiving antenna points near but not directly in the -x direction.
laxTx = eye(3); laxRx = rotx(5)*rotz(170);
Compute the transmission angles which are the angles that the two rays traveling toward the receiver leave the transmitter. The phased.Radiator System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals. Because the antenna gains depend on path direction, you must transmit and receive the two rays separately.
[~,angTx] = rangeangle(posRx,posTx,laxTx,'two-ray');
Create and radiate signals from transmitter along the transmission directions.
wavfrm = waveform(); wavtrans = radiator(wavfrm,angTx);
Propagate signals to receiver via two-ray channel.
wavrcv = channel(wavtrans,posTx,posRx,velTx,velRx);
Collect signals at the receiver. Compute the angle at which the two rays traveling from the transmitter arrive at the receiver. The phased.Collector
System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals.
[~,angRcv] = rangeangle(posTx,posRx,laxRx,'two-ray');
Collect and combine the two received rays.
yR = collector(wavrcv,angRcv);
Plot the received signals.
dt = 1/fs; n = size(yR,1); plot((0:(n-1))*dt*1000000,real(yR)) xlabel('Time ({\mu}sec)') ylabel('Signal Magnitude')
Two-Ray Propagation of LFM Waveform with Atmospheric Losses
Propagate a 100 Mhz linear FM signal into a two-ray channel. Assume there is signal loss caused by atmospheric gases and rain. The signal propagates from a transmitter located at (0,0,0)
meters in the global coordinate system to a receiver at (10000,200,30)
meters. Assume that the transmitter and the receiver are stationary and that they both have cosine antenna patterns. Plot the received signal. Set the dry air pressure to 102.5 Pa and the rain rate to 5 mm/hr.
Set Up Radar Scenario
waveform = phased.LinearFMWaveform('SampleRate',1e6,... 'OutputFormat','Pulses','NumPulses',2); antenna = phased.CosineAntennaElement; radiator = phased.Radiator('Sensor',antenna); collector = phased.Collector('Sensor',antenna); channel = twoRayChannel('SampleRate',waveform.SampleRate,... 'CombinedRaysOutput',false,'GroundReflectionCoefficient',0.95,... 'SpecifyAtmosphere',true,'Temperature',20,... 'DryAirPressure',102.5,'RainRate',5.0);
Set up the scene geometry giving. the transmitter and receiver positions and velocities. The transmitter and receiver are stationary.
posTx = [0;0;0]; posRx = [10000;200;30]; velTx = [0;0;0]; velRx = [0;0;0];
Specify the transmitting and receiving radar antenna orientations with respect to the global coordinates. The transmitting antenna points along the +x-direction and the receiving antenna points close to the –x-direction.
laxTx = eye(3); laxRx = rotx(5)*rotz(170);
Compute the transmission angles which are the angles that the two rays traveling toward the receiver leave the transmitter. The phased.Radiator
System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals. Because the antenna gains depend on path direction, you must transmit and receive the two rays separately.
[~,angTx] = rangeangle(posRx,posTx,laxTx,'two-ray');
Create and Radiate Signals from Transmitter
Radiate the signals along the transmission directions.
wavfrm = waveform(); wavtrans = radiator(wavfrm,angTx);
Propagate signals to receiver via two-ray channel.
wavrcv = channel(wavtrans,posTx,posRx,velTx,velRx);
Collect Signal at Receiver
Compute the angle at which the two rays traveling from the transmitter arrive at the receiver. The phased.Collector
System object™ uses these angles to apply separate antenna gains to the two signals.
[~,angRcv] = rangeangle(posTx,posRx,laxRx,'two-ray');
Collect and combine the two received rays.
yR = collector(wavrcv,angRcv);
Plot Received Signal
dt = 1/waveform.SampleRate; n = size(yR,1); plot((0:(n-1))*dt*1000000,real(yR)) xlabel('Time ({\mu}sec)') ylabel('Signal Magnitude')
More About
Two-Ray Propagation Paths
A two-ray propagation channel is the next step up in complexity from a free-space channel and is the simplest case of a multipath propagation environment. The free-space channel models a straight-line line-of-sight path from point 1 to point 2. In a two-ray channel, the medium is specified as a homogeneous, isotropic medium with a reflecting planar boundary. The boundary is always set at z = 0. There are at most two rays propagating from point 1 to point 2. The first ray path propagates along the same line-of-sight path as in the free-space channel. The line-of-sight path is often called the direct path. The second ray reflects off the boundary before propagating to point 2. According to the Law of Reflection , the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence. In short-range simulations such as cellular communications systems and automotive radars, you can assume that the reflecting surface, the ground or ocean surface, is flat.
The twoRayChannel
and widebandTwoRayChannel
System objects model propagation time delay, phase
shift, Doppler shift, and loss effects for both paths. For the reflected path, loss effects
include reflection loss at the boundary.
The figure illustrates two propagation paths. From the source
position, ss, and the receiver
position, sr, you can compute
the arrival angles of both paths, θ′los and θ′rp.
The arrival angles are the elevation and azimuth angles of the arriving
radiation with respect to a local coordinate system. In this case,
the local coordinate system coincides with the global coordinate system.
You can also compute the transmitting angles, θlos and θrp.
In the global coordinates, the angle of reflection at the boundary
is the same as the angles θrp and θ′rp.
The reflection angle is important to know when you use angle-dependent
reflection-loss data. You can determine the reflection angle by using
the rangeangle
function and
setting the reference axes to the global coordinate system. The total
path length for the line-of-sight path is shown in the figure by Rlos which
is equal to the geometric distance between source and receiver. The
total path length for the reflected path is Rrp=
R1 + R2. The
quantity L is the ground range between source and
receiver.
You can easily derive exact formulas for path lengths and angles in terms of the ground range and object heights in the global coordinate system.
Two-Ray Attenuation
Attenuation or path loss in the two-ray channel is the product of five components, L = Ltworay LG Lg Lc Lr, where
Ltworay is the two-ray geometric path attenuation
LG is the ground reflection attenuation
Lg is the atmospheric path attenuation
Lc is the fog and cloud path attenuation
Lr is the rain path attenuation
Each component is in magnitude units, not in dB.
Ground Reflection and Propagation Loss
Losses occurs when a signal is reflected from a boundary. You can obtain a simple model of ground reflection loss by representing the electromagnetic field as a scalar field. This approach also works for acoustic and sonar systems. Let E be a scalar free-space electromagnetic field having amplitude E0 at a reference distance R0 from a transmitter (for example, one meter). The propagating free-space field at distance Rlos from the transmitter is
for the line-of-sight path. You can express the ground-reflected E-field as
where Rrp is
the reflected path distance. The quantity LG represents
the loss due to reflection at the ground plane. To specify LG,
use the GroundReflectionCoefficient
property.
In general, LG depends on
the incidence angle of the field. If you have empirical information
about the angular dependence of LG,
you can use rangeangle
to compute
the incidence angle of the reflected path. The total field at the
destination is the sum of the line-of-sight and reflected-path fields.
For electromagnetic waves, a more complicated but more realistic model uses a vector representation of the polarized field. You can decompose the incident electric field into two components. One component, Ep, is parallel to the plane of incidence. The other component, Es, is perpendicular to the plane of incidence. The ground reflection coefficients for these components differ and can be written in terms of the ground permittivity and incidence angle.
where Z is the impedance of the medium. Because the magnetic permeability of the ground is almost identical to that of air or free space, the ratio of impedances depends primarily on the ratio of electric permittivities
where the quantity ρ
= ε2/ε1 is
the ground relative permittivity set by the GroundRelativePermittivity
property.
The angle θ1 is the
incidence angle and the angle θ2 is
the refraction angle at the boundary. You can determine θ2 using
Snell’s law of refraction.
After reflection, the full field is reconstructed from the parallel and perpendicular components. The total ground plane attenuation, LG, is a combination of Gs and Gp.
When the origin and destination are stationary relative to each other, you can write the
output Y
of the object as Y(t) = F(t-τ)/L. The quantity τ is the signal delay and
L is the free-space path loss. The delay τ is
given by R/c. R is either the line-of-sight propagation path
distance or the reflected path distance, and c is the propagation speed.
The path loss
where λ is the signal wavelength.
Atmospheric Gas Attenuation Model
This model calculates the attenuation of signals that propagate through atmospheric gases.
Electromagnetic signals attenuate when they propagate through the atmosphere. This effect is due primarily to the absorption resonance lines of oxygen and water vapor, with smaller contributions coming from nitrogen gas. The model also includes a continuous absorption spectrum below 10 GHz. The ITU model Recommendation ITU-R P.676-10: Attenuation by atmospheric gases is used. The model computes the specific attenuation (attenuation per kilometer) as a function of temperature, pressure, water vapor density, and signal frequency. The atmospheric gas model is valid for frequencies from 1–1000 GHz and applies to polarized and nonpolarized fields.
The formula for specific attenuation at each frequency is
The quantity N"() is the imaginary part of the complex atmospheric refractivity and consists of a spectral line component and a continuous component:
The spectral component consists of a sum of discrete spectrum terms composed of a localized frequency bandwidth function, F(f)i, multiplied by a spectral line strength, Si. For atmospheric oxygen, each spectral line strength is
For atmospheric water vapor, each spectral line strength is
P is the dry air pressure, W is the water vapor partial pressure, and T is the ambient temperature. Pressure units are in hectoPascals (hPa) and temperature is in degrees Kelvin. The water vapor partial pressure, W, is related to the water vapor density, ρ, by
The total atmospheric pressure is P + W.
For each oxygen line, Si depends on two parameters, a1 and a2. Similarly, each water vapor line depends on two parameters, b1 and b2. The ITU documentation cited at the end of this section contains tabulations of these parameters as functions of frequency.
The localized frequency bandwidth functions Fi(f) are complicated functions of frequency described in the ITU references cited below. The functions depend on empirical model parameters that are also tabulated in the reference.
This model applies to both narrowband and wideband atmospheric attenuation. To compute the total attenuation for narrowband signals along a path, the function multiplies the specific attenuation by the path length, R. Then, the total attenuation is Lg= R(γo + γw). To apply the attenuation model to wideband signals, first, divide the wideband signal into frequency subbands, and apply attenuation to each subband. Then, sum all attenuated subband signals into the total attenuated signal.
Fog and Cloud Attenuation Model
This model calculates the attenuation of signals that propagate through fog or clouds.
Fog and cloud attenuation are due to the same atmospheric phenomenon. The ITU model, Recommendation ITU-R P.840-6: Attenuation due to clouds and fog is used. The model computes the specific attenuation (attenuation per kilometer), of a signal as a function of liquid water density, signal frequency, and temperature. The model applies to polarized and nonpolarized fields. The formula for specific attenuation at each frequency is
where M is the liquid water density in gm/m3. The quantity Kl(f) is the specific attenuation coefficient and depends on frequency. The cloud and fog attenuation model is valid for frequencies 10–1000 GHz. Units for the specific attenuation coefficient are (dB/km)/(g/m3).
To compute the total attenuation for narrowband signals along a path, the function multiplies the specific attenuation by the path length R. Total attenuation is Lc = Rγc. You can also apply the attenuation model to wideband signals. First, divide the wideband signal into frequency subbands, and apply narrowband attenuation to each subband. Then, sum all attenuated subband signals into the total attenuated signal.
Rainfall Attenuation Model
This model calculates the attenuation of signals that propagate through regions of rainfall. Rain attenuation is a dominant fading mechanism and can vary from location-to-location and from year-to-year.
Electromagnetic signals are attenuated when propagating through a region of rainfall. Rainfall attenuation is computed according to the ITU rainfall model Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3: Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods. The model computes the specific attenuation (attenuation per kilometer) of a signal as a function of rainfall rate, signal frequency, polarization, and path elevation angle. The specific attenuation, ɣR, is modeled as a power law with respect to rain rate
where R is rain rate. Units are in mm/hr. The parameter k and exponent α depend on the frequency, the polarization state, and the elevation angle of the signal path. The specific attenuation model is valid for frequencies from 1–1000 GHz.
To compute the total attenuation for narrowband signals along a path, the function multiplies the specific attenuation by the an effective propagation distance, deff. Then, the total attenuation is L = deffγR.
The effective distance is the geometric distance, d, multiplied by a scale factor
where f is the frequency. The article Recommendation ITU-R P.530-17 (12/2017): Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems presents a complete discussion for computing attenuation.
The rain rate, R, used in these computations is the long-term statistical rain rate, R0.01. This is the rain rate that is exceeded 0.01% of the time. The calculation of the statistical rain rate is discussed in Recommendation ITU-R P.837-7 (06/2017): Characteristics of precipitation for propagation modelling. This article also explains how to compute the attenuation for other percentages from the 0.01% value.
You can also apply the attenuation model to wideband signals. First, divide the wideband signal into frequency subbands and apply attenuation to each subband. Then, sum all attenuated subband signals into the total attenuated signal.
References
[1] Saakian, A. Radio Wave Propagation Fundamentals. Norwood, MA: Artech House, 2011.
[2] Balanis, C. Advanced Engineering Electromagnetics. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1989.
[3] Rappaport, T. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed New York: Prentice Hall, 2002.
[4] Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union. Recommendation ITU-R P.676-12: Attenuation by atmospheric gases. 2019.
[5] Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union. Recommendation ITU-R P.840-6: Attenuation due to clouds and fog. 2013.
[6] Radiocommunication Sector of the International Telecommunication Union. Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3: Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods. 2005.
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.
Usage notes and limitations:
See System Objects in MATLAB Code Generation (MATLAB Coder).
Version History
Introduced in R2021a
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