# laurentPolynomial

Create Laurent polynomial

## Description

Use the `laurentPolynomial` object to create a Laurent polynomial with real-valued polynomial coefficients. You can specify the maximum order of the polynomial. You can perform mathematical and logical operations on Laurent polynomials. You can also create a lifting scheme associated with a pair of Laurent polynomials.

## Creation

### Syntax

``lpoly = laurentPolynomial``
``lpoly = laurentPolynomial(Name=Value)``

### Description

````lpoly = laurentPolynomial` creates the constant Laurent polynomial, where the constant is equal to 1 and the maximum order is equal to 0.```

example

````lpoly = laurentPolynomial(Name=Value)` creates a Laurent polynomial with Properties specified by name-value arguments. For example, `laurentPolynomial(MaxOrder=2)` creates a Laurent polynomial with maximum order equal to 2. You can specify multiple name-value arguments.```

## Properties

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Laurent polynomial coefficients, specified as a real-valued vector. If k is the length of the vector C, then `lpoly = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=C)` represents the Laurent polynomial

`$\text{lpoly}\left(z\right)=\sum _{m=1}^{k}C\left(m\right){z}^{1-m}.$`

Example: If `C = [4 3 2 1]`, then ```P = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=C)``` represents the Laurent polynomial $\text{P}\left(z\right)=4+3{z}^{-1}+2{z}^{-2}+{z}^{-3}.$

Data Types: `double`

Maximum order of the Laurent polynomial, specified as an integer. If k is the length of the vector C and d is an integer, then ```lpoly = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=C,MaxOrder=d)``` represents the Laurent polynomial

`$\text{lpoly}\left(z\right)=\sum _{m=1}^{k}C\left(m\right){z}^{d-m+1}.$`

Example: If `C = [2 4 6 8]`, then ```P = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=C,MaxOrder=1)``` represents the Laurent polynomial $\text{P}\left(z\right)=2z+4+6{z}^{-1}+8{z}^{-2}.$

Data Types: `double`

## Object Functions

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 `degree` Degree of Laurent polynomial `euclid` Euclidean algorithm for Laurent polynomials `polyphase` Polyphase components of Laurent polynomial `mpower` Laurent polynomial exponentiation `horzcat` Horizontal concatenation of Laurent polynomials `vertcat` Vertical concatenation of Laurent polynomials `lp2filters` Laurent polynomials to filters `lp2LS` Laurent polynomials to lifting steps and normalization factors `ne` Laurent polynomials inequality test `rescale` Rescale Laurent polynomial
 `dyaddown` Dyadic downsampling of Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix `dyadup` Dyadic upsampling of Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix `eq` Laurent polynomials or Laurent matrices equality test `plus` Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix addition `minus` Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix subtraction `mtimes` Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix multiplication `reflect` Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix reflection `uminus` Unary minus for Laurent polynomial or Laurent matrix

## Examples

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Create three Laurent polynomials:

• $a\left(z\right)=1+{z}^{-1}$

• $b\left(z\right)={z}^{2}+3z+{z}^{-1}$

• $c\left(z\right)={z}^{3}+3{z}^{2}+5z+7$

`a = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[1 1])`
```a = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [1 1] MaxOrder: 0 ```
`b = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[1 3 0 1],MaxOrder=2)`
```b = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [1 3 0 1] MaxOrder: 2 ```
`c = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[1 3 5 7],MaxOrder=3)`
```c = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [1 3 5 7] MaxOrder: 3 ```

Add the two polynomials $a\left(z\right)$ and $b\left(z\right)$. Use the helper function `helperPrintLaurent` to print the result in algebraic form.

`polySum = plus(a,b)`
```polySum = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [1 3 1 2] MaxOrder: 2 ```
```res = helperPrintLaurent(polySum); disp(res)```
```z^(2) + 3*z + 1 + 2*z^(-1) ```

Add 2 to $b\left(z\right)$.

```consSum = b+2; res = helperPrintLaurent(consSum); disp(res)```
```z^(2) + 3*z + 2 + z^(-1) ```

Subtraction

Subtract $a\left(z\right)$ from $b\left(z\right)$.

```polyDiff = minus(b,a); res = helperPrintLaurent(polyDiff); disp(res)```
```z^(2) + 3*z - 1 ```

Subtract $a\left(z\right)$ from 1.

```consDiff = 1-a; res = helperPrintLaurent(consDiff); disp(res)```
```- z^(-1) ```

Multiplication

Multiply $a\left(z\right)$ and $b\left(z\right)$.

```polyProd = mtimes(a,b); res = helperPrintLaurent(polyProd); disp(res)```
```z^(2) + 4*z + 3 + z^(-1) + z^(-2) ```

Compute $a\left(z\right)c\left(z\right)-b\left(z\right)$.

```polyProd2 = a*c-b; res = helperPrintLaurent(polyProd2); disp(res)```
```z^(3) + 3*z^(2) + 5*z + 12 + 6*z^(-1) ```

To multiply a Laurent polynomial by a constant, use the `rescale` function.

```consProd = rescale(b,7); res = helperPrintLaurent(consProd); disp(res)```
```7*z^(2) + 21*z + 7*z^(-1) ```

Exponentiation

Raise $a\left(z\right)$ to the fourth power.

```polyPow = mpower(a,4); res = helperPrintLaurent(polyPow); disp(res)```
```1 + 4*z^(-1) + 6*z^(-2) + 4*z^(-3) + z^(-4) ```

Compute ${b}^{2}\left(z\right)-c\left(z\right)$.

```polyPow2 = b^2-c; res = helperPrintLaurent(polyPow2); disp(res)```
```z^(4) + 5*z^(3) + 6*z^(2) - 3*z - 1 + z^(-2) ```

Create two Laurent polynomials:

• $a\left(z\right)=z-1$

• $b\left(z\right)=-2{z}^{3}+6{z}^{2}-7z+2$

```a = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[1 -1],MaxOrder=1); b = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[-2 6 -7 2],MaxOrder=3);```

Reflection

Obtain the reflection of $b\left(z\right)$.

```br = reflect(b); res = helperPrintLaurent(br); disp(res)```
```2 - 7*z^(-1) + 6*z^(-2) - 2*z^(-3) ```

Unary Minus

Confirm the sum of $b\left(z\right)$ and its unary negation is equal to 0.

`b+uminus(b)`
```ans = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: 0 MaxOrder: 0 ```

Degree

Multiply $a\left(z\right)$ and $b\left(z\right)$. Confirm the degree of the product is equal to the sum of the degrees of $a\left(z\right)$ and $b\left(z\right)$.

```ab = a*b; degree(ab)```
```ans = 4 ```
`degree(a)+degree(b)`
```ans = 4 ```

Exponentiation

Raise $a\left(z\right)$ to the third power. Confirm the result is not equal to $b\left(z\right)$.

```a3 = a^3; a3 ~= b```
```ans = logical 1 ```

Rescale

Confirm $a\left(z\right)$ raised to the third power is equal to $-b\left(z\right)/2-z/2$.

```zt = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=[-1/2],MaxOrder=1); b2 = rescale(b,-1/2)+zt; eq(a3,b2)```
```ans = logical 1 ```

Create the Laurent polynomial $c\left(z\right)=\sum _{k=-3}^{4}\left(-1{\right)}^{k}\phantom{\rule{0.16666666666666666em}{0ex}}k\phantom{\rule{0.16666666666666666em}{0ex}}{z}^{k}$. Obtain the degree of $c\left(z\right)$.

```cfs = (-1).^(-3:4).*(-3:4); c = laurentPolynomial(Coefficients=fliplr(cfs),MaxOrder=4); res = helperPrintLaurent(c); disp(res)```
```4*z^(4) - 3*z^(3) + 2*z^(2) - z + z^(-1) - 2*z^(-2) + 3*z^(-3) ```
`degree(c)`
```ans = 7 ```

Obtain the dyadic upsampling and downsampling of $c\left(z\right)$. Obtain the degree of both polynomials.

`dUp = dyadup(c)`
```dUp = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [4 0 -3 0 2 0 -1 0 0 0 1 0 -2 0 3] MaxOrder: 8 ```
`degree(dUp)`
```ans = 14 ```
`dDown = dyaddown(c)`
```dDown = laurentPolynomial with properties: Coefficients: [4 2 0 -2] MaxOrder: 2 ```
`degree(dDown)`
```ans = 3 ```

## Version History

Introduced in R2021b